LUNG CANCER By Darko Obiri Stella Lung cancer is a malignant tumor in which there is an uncontrolled growth of cells that line the lungs. There are usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages of lung cancer, but many people with the condition eventually develop symptoms including a persistent cough…

IMMUNOLOGY: Tolerance & Hypersensitivity ¹Kwakye Sylvester, ²Obiri Darko Stella, ³Sackey Lyanne Tolerance Immune tolerance also referred to as immunological tolerance or immunotolerance, is an active state of unresponsiveness to specific antigens in an effort to prevent the destructive over-reactivity of the immune system. It prevents an immune response to antigens produced by the body itself…

FOOD & PAIN: New Brain Clues Depicting Their Association By ¹Obiri Darko Stella, ²Sackey Lyanne, and ³Kwakye Sylvester. Physical pain has typically been approached from a biological perspective, with relatively little experimental work available on the behavioural and cognitive consequences of physical pain. In contrast, the consequences of social pain have been extensively explored in the last several decades.

IMMUNOLOGY: Cytokines By ¹Sackey Lyanne, ²Kwakye Sylvester, ³Obiri Darko Stella. Cytokines are peptides secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and can function as ¹autocrine (secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produced them), ²paracrine (secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and…

IMMUNOLOGY: The complement system ¹Kwakye Sylvester, ²Obiri Darko Stella, ³Sackey Lyanne Complement proteins were discovered as heat-labile components of normal plasma that augment the opsonization of bacteria by antibodies and allow antibodies to kill some bacteria. This activity was said to ‘complement’ the antibacterial activity of the antibody, hence the name. Although first discovered…

IMMUNOLOGY: Innate & Adaptive Immunity By ¹Obiri Darko Stella, ²Sackey Lyanne, and ³Kwakye Sylvester. Immunology is the study of the immune system in organisms. The immune system is a complex system of structures and processes in the body that has evolved to protect the body from disease. …

SICKLE CELL DISEASE By ¹Obiri Darko Stella, ²Sackey Lyanne, and ³Kwakye Sylvester. Sickle cell disease or sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease of the red blood cells (RBCs). Normally, RBCs are shaped like discs, which gives them the flexibility to travel through even the smallest blood vessels. However, with this disease, the…

THOUGHTS ON AVENUES FOR GHANA’S DEVELOPMENT, PREMISED ON A SURVEY IN KNUST ¹Kwakye Sylvester, ²Obiri Darko Stella, ³Sackey Lyanne Disclaimer This is a working paper, and therefore it represents research in progress. This publication illustrates the authors’ opinions, and it is the product of randomized data collection. It does not represent the position or opinions of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and…

SARS-CoV-2 By ¹Sackey Lyanne, ²Kwakye Sylvester, ³Obiri Darko Stella. Covid 19 is caused by the SARs-CoV-2 virus previously known as the 2019 novel coronavirus. The virus was first identified in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China. …